The Five P’s of All 66 Books of the Bible
Person Speaking • Person Spoken To • Period • Purpose • Place
A Scripture-centered reference. Uncertain authorship, dates, and locations are labeled carefully rather than presented as certain facts.
How to Use This Reference
Scripture states means directly documented. Scripture indicates means strongly supported by biblical evidence. Traditionally understood means a long-held conclusion not stated directly. Probably/Possibly marks a reasonable but uncertain conclusion. Approximately marks dates or identifications that cannot be fixed precisely. Unknown means Scripture does not supply enough information.
Book Index
Old Testament — 39 Books
New Testament — 27 Books
Genesis
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Traditionally understood: Moses wrote or compiled Genesis under inspiration. Genesis itself does not name its human writer.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Probably Israel, especially the Exodus/wilderness generation.
3. Period
Period covered: Creation through Joseph's death in Egypt; the exact creation date is not stated in a modern calendar. Approximate time of writing: If Mosaic, probably during the wilderness period; traditionally about 1446-1406 B.C., but the exact year is unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To reveal God as Creator; explain humanity's fall, judgment, nations, and the beginnings of God's covenant plan through Abraham and his descendants.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Eden (precise location unknown), Mesopotamia, Haran, Canaan, and Egypt. Place of writing: Unknown; possibly compiled during Israel's wilderness journey.
Exodus
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Scripture indicates Moses as the principal writer; Exodus directly records Moses writing particular material (Ex. 17:14; 24:4; 34:27).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel, beginning with the generation delivered from Egypt.
3. Period
Period covered: Israel's oppression, Moses' first eighty years, the Exodus, Sinai covenant, and completion of the tabernacle in the second year after departure. Approximate time of writing: Probably during the wilderness period; a traditional chronology places the Exodus about 1446 B.C.; other chronologies propose the thirteenth century B.C.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To record God's redemption of Israel, the Passover, covenant, Law, worship, and God's dwelling among His people.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Egypt, Goshen, Midian, the sea crossing, the wilderness, and Mount Sinai. Place of writing: At least portions were written at or near Sinai; the place of final compilation is unknown.
Leviticus
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Scripture repeatedly presents the LORD speaking to Moses, who transmitted the commands to Israel; the book belongs to the Law of Moses.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Primarily Israel, especially priests and the covenant community at Sinai.
3. Period
Period covered: About one month while Israel camped at Mount Sinai, between the tabernacle's erection and the census in Numbers. Approximate time of writing: Probably about 1445 B.C. under the traditional early-Exodus chronology; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To teach a redeemed people how to approach, worship, and live before the holy God through sacrifices, priesthood, purity, atonement, and holy conduct.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Principally the camp of Israel at Mount Sinai. Place of writing: Probably at Mount Sinai; Scripture does not state where the book reached final form.
Numbers
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Moses is directly said to have recorded Israel's stages by the LORD's command (Num. 33:2); Scripture treats the book as part of Moses' Law.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel, including the first wilderness generation and the new generation preparing to enter Canaan.
3. Period
Period covered: From the second year after the Exodus to the fortieth year—about thirty-eight years of wilderness wandering. Approximate time of writing: Probably completed near the end of Moses' life, traditionally about 1406 B.C.; exact completion date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To record Israel's organization, unbelief, discipline, preservation, and preparation for entering the promised land.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Sinai, Paran/Kadesh, wilderness routes, and the plains of Moab east of the Jordan. Place of writing: Probably during the wilderness journey, with final work possibly on the plains of Moab.
Deuteronomy
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Primarily Moses' covenant speeches; Scripture says Moses wrote this law and completed its words (Deut. 31:9, 24). The final account of his death may have been recorded by another inspired writer.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The new generation of Israel poised to enter Canaan.
3. Period
Period covered: The final weeks of Moses' life in Israel's fortieth year after the Exodus. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about 1406 B.C.; the exact year depends on Exodus chronology.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To renew and explain the covenant, call Israel to love and obey God, warn against apostasy, and prepare the nation for life in Canaan.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: The plains of Moab east of the Jordan, opposite Jericho. Place of writing: Most speeches and writing occurred in Moab; the final arrangement is not explicitly located.
Joshua
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: The book does not formally name its final author. Joshua wrote words in the Book of the Law (Josh. 24:26); tradition often connects much of the book with Joshua, with later inspired completion possible.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel after Moses' death, especially the generation entering and settling Canaan.
3. Period
Period covered: From Israel's entry into Canaan through Joshua's death; approximately the late fifteenth century B.C. under an early-Exodus chronology. Approximate time of writing: Possibly late in Joshua's life with later notices added; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To show God's faithfulness in giving Israel the land, record conquest and allotment, and call Israel to covenant faithfulness.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: The Jordan, Jericho, central/southern/northern Canaan, Shiloh, Shechem, and tribal territories. Place of writing: Unknown; probably in Canaan.
Judges
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown. Jewish tradition has associated Samuel with the book, but Scripture does not name the author.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel during the tribal period and later readers needing to understand that era.
3. Period
Period covered: From after Joshua's generation until the rise of Samuel/monarchy, roughly 300 years, though exact chronological arrangements are debated. Approximate time of writing: Probably during or after the early monarchy; repeated references to “no king in Israel” indicate a later viewpoint.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To show the cycle of apostasy, oppression, crying out, and deliverance; to expose the moral chaos produced when everyone did what was right in his own eyes.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Throughout Canaan: tribal territories, hill country, valleys, and neighboring oppressor regions. Place of writing: Unknown, probably in Israel.
Ruth
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown. Tradition sometimes suggests Samuel, but Scripture does not identify the writer.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel, especially readers of the Davidic period or later.
3. Period
Period covered: During the days of the judges; the story spans famine, migration, return, harvests, marriage, and the birth of Obed. Approximate time of writing: Probably during or after David's rise because the genealogy ends with David; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To display covenant loyalty, providence, redemption, inclusion of Ruth the Moabite, and God's preservation of the family line leading to David.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Moab and Bethlehem in Judah. Place of writing: Unknown, probably in Israel.
1 Samuel
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown in final form. Samuel wrote about the rights of kingship (1 Sam. 10:25); later records by Samuel, Nathan, and Gad existed (1 Chron. 29:29), but Scripture does not say who compiled this book.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel during the transition from judges to monarchy and later covenant readers.
3. Period
Period covered: Samuel's birth and ministry, Saul's reign, and David's rise—approximately the eleventh century B.C. Approximate time of writing: Probably compiled after the events, possibly during the monarchy; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To explain Israel's transition to kingship, contrast Saul's disobedience with David's chosen role, and show that God requires faithful obedience.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Shiloh, Ramah, Mizpah, Gilgal, Gibeah, Bethlehem, Philistine territory, and wilderness strongholds. Place of writing: Unknown, probably in Israel.
2 Samuel
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown in final form; records associated with Samuel, Nathan, and Gad may underlie the history (1 Chron. 29:29).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel and later readers of the monarchy.
3. Period
Period covered: David's reign over Judah and all Israel, roughly 1010-970 B.C. by a common chronology. Approximate time of writing: Compiled after David's reign; exact date and compiler unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To record David's kingdom, God's covenant promise concerning his house, David's victories and sins, and the consequences within his family and nation.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Hebron, Jerusalem, surrounding Israelite territories, Ammon, and places of David's flight. Place of writing: Unknown, probably in Judah or Israel.
1 Kings
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown. Jewish tradition associates Jeremiah, but Scripture does not identify the compiler. The book cites royal chronicles and other sources.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Judah, Israel, and especially later readers learning why the kingdoms prospered or fell.
3. Period
Period covered: From David's final days through Solomon, the divided kingdom, and Ahab/Ahaziah—about 970-853 B.C. Approximate time of writing: Probably compiled in stages and brought to final form during or after the exile, no earlier than the last events recorded.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To evaluate kings by covenant faithfulness, explain the division of the kingdom, highlight prophetic authority, and show the consequences of idolatry.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem, Samaria, the northern and southern kingdoms, Phoenicia, and neighboring lands. Place of writing: Unknown; possibly Judah or the Babylonian exile.
2 Kings
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown; possibly the same inspired compiler or school responsible for 1 Kings. Jeremiah is a tradition, not a scriptural statement.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The exiled covenant people and later Israel.
3. Period
Period covered: From Ahaziah through the falls of Samaria (722 B.C.) and Jerusalem (586 B.C.), ending with Jehoiachin's release in Babylon. Approximate time of writing: Final form after Jehoiachin's release, commonly dated sometime after about 561 B.C.; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To explain both kingdoms' destruction as covenant judgment, vindicate God's prophetic word, and preserve hope through David's continuing line.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Israel, Judah, Assyria, and Babylon. Place of writing: Unknown; possibly in Judah or Babylon.
1 Chronicles
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown; traditionally called the work of “the Chronicler,” and Jewish tradition associates Ezra, but Scripture does not name the writer.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The restored community of Judah after the Babylonian exile.
3. Period
Period covered: Genealogies from Adam, followed mainly by David's reign and preparations for the temple. Approximate time of writing: Probably late fifth or fourth century B.C.; exact date debated.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To connect the restored people with their sacred history, stress Davidic kingship, temple worship, Levites, and covenant identity.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Genealogical world, then chiefly Judah and Jerusalem. Place of writing: Probably Judah/Jerusalem, but not stated.
2 Chronicles
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown; likely the same postexilic compiler as 1 Chronicles. Ezra is a traditional proposal.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The restored Jewish community.
3. Period
Period covered: Solomon's reign through the kings of Judah, Jerusalem's fall, and Cyrus's decree permitting return. Approximate time of writing: Probably late fifth or fourth century B.C.; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To interpret Judah's history around the temple and Davidic line, show the results of seeking or forsaking God, and encourage restored worship.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem, Judah, and surrounding kingdoms; conclusion looks toward return from Persia. Place of writing: Probably Judah/Jerusalem, but unknown.
Ezra
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Much is first-person testimony of Ezra (Ezra 7-10). The final compiler is not explicitly named; Ezra is the likely/traditional principal figure.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The restored Jewish community and later covenant readers.
3. Period
Period covered: Return under Zerubbabel (538 B.C.), temple rebuilding (completed 516 B.C.), and Ezra's mission (458/457 B.C.). Approximate time of writing: After Ezra's arrival, probably in the fifth century B.C.; exact completion date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To record restoration of temple worship and covenant order after exile, emphasizing God's providence, Scripture, holiness, and separation from unfaithfulness.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Babylon/Persia and Jerusalem/Judah. Place of writing: Probably Jerusalem, though Scripture does not explicitly state the final place of composition.
Nehemiah
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Large portions are Nehemiah's first-person memoir. Final editing may involve another inspired hand; Jewish tradition often associates Ezra.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The restored community in Jerusalem and Judah.
3. Period
Period covered: Nehemiah's governorship beginning in 445/444 B.C., wall rebuilding, reform, and a later return to Jerusalem. Approximate time of writing: Probably late fifth century B.C., after the final reforms.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To record rebuilding Jerusalem's walls and rebuilding covenant life through prayer, leadership, Scripture, worship, and reform.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Susa in Persia and Jerusalem/Judah. Place of writing: Probably Jerusalem; final location not stated.
Esther
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown. Mordecai recorded certain events (Esth. 9:20), but the book does not identify its final author.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Jews living throughout the Persian Empire and later generations observing Purim.
3. Period
Period covered: During the reign of Ahasuerus, commonly identified as Xerxes I (486-465 B.C.), with the main crisis around 474/473 B.C. Approximate time of writing: Probably fifth or fourth century B.C., after the events.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To show providential preservation of the Jews, explain Purim, and display courageous faithfulness in exile.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Susa and the Persian Empire. Place of writing: Unknown; possibly Persia.
Job
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown. Proposals include Job, Moses, Solomon, or another inspired sage; Scripture does not name the writer.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: God's people and all who wrestle with suffering, justice, and wisdom.
3. Period
Period covered: The setting resembles the patriarchal world, but the historical date of Job's life is uncertain. Approximate time of writing: Unknown; proposed dates range widely from Mosaic to later wisdom periods.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To explore righteous suffering, reject simplistic explanations, humble human wisdom, affirm God's sovereignty, and call for trust when reasons are hidden.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: The land of Uz (precise location uncertain) and the heavenly council scenes revealed in the prologue. Place of writing: Unknown.
Psalms
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: A collection by multiple writers: David, Asaph, sons of Korah, Solomon, Moses, Heman, Ethan, and unnamed authors. Superscriptions identify many but not all.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel's worshiping community, individuals, kings, pilgrims, sufferers, and all who seek God.
3. Period
Period covered: Experiences range from Moses through the monarchy and exile/postexilic remembrance. Approximate time of writing: Composed and collected across many centuries; final arrangement probably after the exile, but exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To give inspired language for praise, lament, thanksgiving, wisdom, repentance, kingship, worship, and hope in God's Anointed.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Many settings: wilderness, Jerusalem/temple, royal court, exile, pilgrimage, and private distress. Place of writing: Various places; final compilation location unknown.
Proverbs
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Chiefly Solomon (Prov. 1:1; 10:1; 25:1), with sayings of the wise, Agur, and King Lemuel. Hezekiah's men copied a Solomonic collection.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Especially the young, rulers, families, and all who seek wisdom; addressed often as “my son.”
3. Period
Period covered: Wisdom gathered mainly from the united monarchy, with later copying in Hezekiah's reign. Approximate time of writing: Material spans roughly the tenth to eighth centuries B.C.; final collection date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To teach the fear of the LORD as the beginning of knowledge and train people in wise, righteous, disciplined living.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Israel, royal/household settings, streets, markets, courts, and everyday life. Place of writing: Various; likely much in Jerusalem, but final compilation place unknown.
Ecclesiastes
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: The speaker is “the Preacher” (Qoheleth), son of David, king in Jerusalem (Eccl. 1:1, 12). Traditionally Solomon; some understand a Solomonic persona. The final frame speaks about the Preacher in third person.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The assembly and especially the young and wise who must live before God in a fleeting world.
3. Period
Period covered: Reflects a king's lifelong examination of work, pleasure, wisdom, injustice, aging, and death. Approximate time of writing: If directly Solomonic, tenth century B.C.; other scholars propose a later date. Scripture gives no modern date.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To expose the vapor-like limits of life “under the sun,” direct people to receive God's gifts humbly, and conclude: fear God and keep His commandments.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem and the broad sphere of human life under the sun. Place of writing: Unknown; traditionally Jerusalem if Solomon wrote it.
Song of Solomon
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Associated with Solomon (Song 1:1). The exact force may mean by, for, about, or belonging to Solomon; speakers include bride, bridegroom, and companions.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Originally lovers and the covenant community; it teaches honorable marital love.
3. Period
Period covered: A setting within Israel's monarchy, often traditionally placed in Solomon's reign. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally tenth century B.C.; exact date and manner of composition unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To celebrate faithful love, desire, beauty, commitment, and the goodness of marital affection.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem, gardens, countryside, Lebanon imagery, and locations throughout Israel. Place of writing: Unknown; possibly Jerusalem.
Isaiah
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Isaiah son of Amoz (Isa. 1:1). Scripture and the New Testament repeatedly attribute material from across the book to Isaiah.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Judah and Jerusalem, with messages also concerning Israel and the nations.
3. Period
Period covered: Reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah; roughly 740-700 B.C., with prophetic visions extending beyond. Approximate time of writing: Primarily late eighth century B.C.; exact completion date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To confront sin, announce judgment, proclaim the holiness and salvation of the LORD, promise a remnant, and reveal the coming Servant/King and future restoration.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Judah/Jerusalem, with oracles concerning surrounding nations and future exile/return. Place of writing: Probably Jerusalem/Judah.
Jeremiah
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Jeremiah son of Hilkiah; Baruch wrote from Jeremiah's dictation and helped preserve his words (Jer. 36).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Judah/Jerusalem before the fall, exiles, surrounding nations, and later readers.
3. Period
Period covered: From Josiah's thirteenth year (627/626 B.C.) through Jerusalem's fall and aftermath. Approximate time of writing: Late seventh to early sixth century B.C.; final arrangement after the latest events.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To warn of unavoidable judgment for covenant rebellion, call for repentance, explain exile, and promise restoration and a new covenant.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Anathoth, Jerusalem, Judah, Egypt, and messages about nations. Place of writing: Judah and later Egypt are possible locations for portions; final location unknown.
Lamentations
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Anonymous in the Hebrew text. Tradition attributes it to Jeremiah, a fitting possibility but not directly stated.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Jerusalem's survivors, exiles, and God's people in grief.
3. Period
Period covered: Immediately reflects Jerusalem's destruction in 586 B.C. Approximate time of writing: Probably soon after 586 B.C.; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To lament Jerusalem's devastation, confess sin, appeal to God's compassion, and model faithful grief and hope under judgment.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Ruined Jerusalem. Place of writing: Probably Jerusalem or nearby, but unknown.
Ezekiel
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Ezekiel son of Buzi, a priest and prophet; first-person visions and dated messages dominate.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Judean exiles in Babylon and also Jerusalem/Judah through prophetic address.
3. Period
Period covered: From the fifth year of Jehoiachin's exile (593/592 B.C.) to at least 571/570 B.C. Approximate time of writing: Sixth century B.C., during the Babylonian exile.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To vindicate God's holiness and judgment, expose sin, give watchman warnings, and promise a new heart, restored people, shepherd, and divine presence.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Babylonia by the Chebar canal, visionary Jerusalem, nations, and the future land/temple vision. Place of writing: Babylonia among the exiles.
Daniel
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Daniel is the first-person recipient of many visions; the book also narrates about him in third person. Jesus refers to “Daniel the prophet” (Matt. 24:15).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Jews in exile and later faithful people facing pagan empires.
3. Period
Period covered: From Nebuchadnezzar's reign through Cyrus, roughly 605-536 B.C. Approximate time of writing: Traditional view: sixth century B.C.; critical scholarship often proposes second century B.C. Scripture presents the setting as exilic.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To show God's sovereignty over kingdoms, encourage faithfulness under pressure, and reveal that God's everlasting kingdom will triumph.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem briefly, then chiefly Babylon and Medo-Persian settings; visions include Susa and the Ulai canal. Place of writing: Probably Babylon/Persia if written by Daniel.
Hosea
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Hosea son of Beeri (Hos. 1:1).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Primarily the northern kingdom of Israel (Ephraim), with Judah also addressed.
3. Period
Period covered: Reigns of Uzziah through Hezekiah in Judah and Jeroboam II in Israel; chiefly eighth century B.C. before Samaria's fall. Approximate time of writing: Approximately 755-725 B.C.; exact dates uncertain.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To portray Israel's covenant unfaithfulness through Hosea's marriage, announce judgment, and reveal God's persistent love and promise of restoration.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Northern Israel, with references to Judah, Egypt, Assyria, and historical sacred sites. Place of writing: Probably the northern kingdom, perhaps later preserved in Judah; unknown.
Joel
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Joel son of Pethuel (Joel 1:1).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Judah/Jerusalem, priests, elders, farmers, and all inhabitants.
3. Period
Period covered: A devastating locust plague and the coming “day of the LORD.” Approximate time of writing: Unknown; proposals range from ninth to fifth century B.C. because no king is named.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To call for wholehearted repentance, interpret disaster as a warning, promise restoration and the outpouring of God's Spirit, and announce the day of the LORD.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Judah, Jerusalem, Zion, temple, fields, and the valley of decision/judgment. Place of writing: Probably Judah/Jerusalem.
Amos
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Amos, a shepherd and dresser of sycamore figs from Tekoa (Amos 1:1; 7:14).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Primarily the northern kingdom of Israel, with oracles against neighboring nations and Judah.
3. Period
Period covered: Days of Uzziah and Jeroboam II, two years before an earthquake; about 760-750 B.C. Approximate time of writing: Mid-eighth century B.C.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To condemn injustice, empty worship, luxury, and idolatry; announce judgment; and promise eventual restoration of David's fallen booth.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Tekoa in Judah, Bethel and Samaria in Israel, and nations around Israel. Place of writing: Messages delivered mainly in Israel; writing may have occurred in Judah. Exact place unknown.
Obadiah
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Obadiah; no further identification is given.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Edom, and Judah comforted after violence against Jerusalem.
3. Period
Period covered: A catastrophe at Jerusalem in which Edom gloated and assisted enemies. Approximate time of writing: Date disputed: possibly ninth century B.C. or soon after Jerusalem's fall in 586 B.C.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To condemn Edom's pride and violence, declare the day of the LORD on nations, and promise Zion's deliverance and God's kingdom.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Edom/Seir and Mount Zion/Jerusalem. Place of writing: Unknown.
Jonah
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: The book is anonymous in form but centers on Jonah son of Amittai, a historical prophet also named in 2 Kings 14:25.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Israel, teaching God's people through Jonah's mission; Nineveh receives the immediate warning.
3. Period
Period covered: During or near Jeroboam II's reign, first half of the eighth century B.C. Approximate time of writing: Probably eighth century B.C. or later inspired narration; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To reveal God's compassion for nations, confront narrow-heartedness, show the necessity of repentance, and demonstrate divine sovereignty.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Gath-hepher, Joppa, the sea, the fish, Nineveh, and east of the city. Place of writing: Unknown.
Micah
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Micah of Moresheth (Mic. 1:1).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Samaria and Jerusalem; leaders, priests, prophets, and people of Israel/Judah.
3. Period
Period covered: Reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah; roughly 735-700 B.C. Approximate time of writing: Late eighth century B.C.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To expose idolatry, injustice, and corrupt leadership; announce judgment; and promise a ruler from Bethlehem, a remnant, forgiveness, and peace.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Moresheth, Samaria, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and towns of Judah. Place of writing: Probably Judah.
Nahum
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Nahum the Elkoshite (Nah. 1:1); Elkosh's location is uncertain.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Nineveh/Assyria as the object of judgment and Judah as the comforted audience.
3. Period
Period covered: After Thebes fell (663 B.C.) and before Nineveh fell (612 B.C.). Approximate time of writing: Approximately 663-612 B.C., likely nearer Nineveh's fall.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To announce the just destruction of cruel Nineveh and assure Judah that the LORD rules and is a refuge for those who trust Him.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Nineveh, Judah, and references to Thebes. Place of writing: Unknown, possibly Judah.
Habakkuk
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Habakkuk the prophet (Hab. 1:1).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Judah and faithful sufferers who question apparent injustice.
3. Period
Period covered: As Babylon/Chaldea was rising, probably late seventh century B.C. Approximate time of writing: Often dated about 609-605 B.C.; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To bring honest questions before God, explain Babylon as an instrument of judgment who will also be judged, and teach that the righteous shall live by faith.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Judah, with visions of Babylon and a poetic theophany from southern regions. Place of writing: Unknown, probably Judah.
Zephaniah
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Zephaniah son of Cushi, with a genealogy extending to Hezekiah (Zeph. 1:1).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Judah/Jerusalem and surrounding nations.
3. Period
Period covered: Reign of Josiah (640-609 B.C.), probably before or during early reform. Approximate time of writing: Approximately 635-625 B.C.; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To warn of the day of the LORD, call the humble to seek God, condemn nations, and promise a purified, rejoicing remnant.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem, Judah, Philistia, Moab, Ammon, Cush, Assyria, and Nineveh. Place of writing: Probably Jerusalem/Judah.
Haggai
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Haggai the prophet; four dated messages are recorded.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Returned exiles in Judah, especially Zerubbabel, Joshua the high priest, and temple builders.
3. Period
Period covered: Second year of Darius I, from August to December 520 B.C. Approximate time of writing: 520 B.C.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To rebuke neglect of God's house, urge temple rebuilding, interpret present hardship, and promise God's presence and future glory.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem/Judah. Place of writing: Jerusalem.
Zechariah
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Zechariah son of Berechiah, son of Iddo (Zech. 1:1); a prophet associated with the returned community.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Returned exiles, leaders, priests, Jerusalem, and future covenant people.
3. Period
Period covered: Dated visions and messages from 520 to 518 B.C.; later undated oracles extend the horizon. Approximate time of writing: Early section 520-518 B.C.; completion of later chapters is debated, but canonical attribution is to Zechariah.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To encourage temple rebuilding, call for repentance, reveal God's cleansing and protection, and point toward the coming King, Shepherd, and final reign of the LORD.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem/Judah, with symbolic visions ranging over the earth and future nations. Place of writing: Jerusalem/Judah.
Malachi
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: “Malachi” means “my messenger” and may be a proper name; the book gives no genealogy.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Postexilic Judah, especially priests and people whose worship and marriages were unfaithful.
3. Period
Period covered: After temple worship resumed and under Persian administration, commonly fifth century B.C. Approximate time of writing: Often about 460-430 B.C.; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To confront polluted worship, faithlessness, injustice, and withholding; call for covenant loyalty; and promise the LORD's messenger and coming day.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem/Judah and the temple. Place of writing: Probably Jerusalem/Judah.
Matthew
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: The Gospel is anonymous in its text. Early church testimony consistently associates it with Matthew/Levi the apostle and tax collector.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Especially readers needing to see Jesus as Israel's Messiah and fulfillment of Scripture; likely a mixed Jewish-Gentile Christian audience.
3. Period
Period covered: Jesus' birth, ministry, death, resurrection, and Great Commission, roughly late first century B.C. to A.D. 30/33. Approximate time of writing: Probably A.D. 60-90; exact date unknown and scholarly proposals vary.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To present Jesus as Messiah, Son of David, Son of God, authoritative Teacher and King; show fulfillment; form disciples who obey all He commanded.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Bethlehem, Egypt, Nazareth, Galilee, Judea, Jerusalem, and surrounding regions. Place of writing: Unknown; proposals include Syria/Antioch or Palestine.
Mark
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: The text is anonymous. Early testimony identifies John Mark and connects his account with Peter's preaching.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Probably Gentile Christians, often associated with Rome; explanations of Jewish customs suggest readers beyond Judea.
3. Period
Period covered: Jesus' ministry, suffering, death, and resurrection, with emphasis on the final week. Approximate time of writing: Often dated A.D. 55-70; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To proclaim Jesus Christ, Son of God and suffering Servant, call disciples to follow the way of the cross, and give a vivid account of His mighty works.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Galilee, surrounding Gentile areas, Judea, and Jerusalem. Place of writing: Unknown; Rome is an early traditional possibility.
Luke
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Anonymous within the title text, but the “we” passages in Acts and early testimony identify Luke, Paul's beloved physician and companion, as author of Luke-Acts.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Theophilus directly, and a broader audience needing orderly certainty about Jesus.
3. Period
Period covered: From events before John's and Jesus' births through Jesus' ascension. Approximate time of writing: Probably A.D. 60-85; exact date depends partly on the dating of Acts.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To provide an orderly, investigated account so readers may have certainty; emphasize salvation, the Spirit, prayer, the marginalized, and the gospel for all nations.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Judea, Galilee, Samaria-related travel, Jerusalem, and the road settings of Jesus' ministry. Place of writing: Unknown; proposals include Caesarea, Achaia, or Rome.
John
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: The Gospel identifies its witness as “the disciple whom Jesus loved” and says his testimony stands behind the book (John 21:24). Early church testimony identifies him as John the apostle.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Believers and seekers broadly; no single named congregation.
3. Period
Period covered: Jesus' ministry from early signs through death, resurrection, and appearances. Approximate time of writing: Commonly A.D. 80-95, though earlier dates are proposed; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: Explicitly: to lead readers to believe Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and have life in His name (John 20:30-31).
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Judea/Jerusalem and Galilee, with several festival visits and specific locations. Place of writing: Unknown; Ephesus is the strong early tradition.
Acts
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Same author as Luke; early testimony and the “we” sections identify Luke.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Theophilus directly and the church broadly.
3. Period
Period covered: From Jesus' ascension to Paul's house arrest in Rome, roughly A.D. 30/33-62. Approximate time of writing: Probably early 60s if written near its ending, though many date it A.D. 70-85; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To trace the risen Christ's work through the Holy Spirit as the gospel moves from Jerusalem to Judea, Samaria, and the nations, reaching Rome.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, Mediterranean routes, and Rome. Place of writing: Possibly Rome if completed during Paul's imprisonment; unknown.
Romans
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul the apostle; Tertius served as the one who wrote the letter down (Rom. 16:22).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Christians in Rome, including Jewish and Gentile believers.
3. Period
Period covered: Paul's third missionary-journey period. Approximate time of writing: About A.D. 56-58.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To explain the gospel of God's righteousness: universal sin, justification by faith, new life, Israel and God's promises, transformed living, and unity in mission.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed to Rome; written while Paul was preparing to carry aid to Jerusalem. Place of writing: Probably Corinth/Cenchreae in Greece.
1 Corinthians
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul, with Sosthenes named in the greeting (1 Cor. 1:1).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The church of God in Corinth, with all who call on Christ.
3. Period
Period covered: During Paul's extended ministry at Ephesus on the third journey. Approximate time of writing: About A.D. 53-55.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To correct divisions, immorality, lawsuits, worship abuses, and doctrinal confusion; answer questions about marriage, liberty, gifts, resurrection, and giving.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed to Corinth in Achaia. Place of writing: Ephesus (1 Cor. 16:8).
2 Corinthians
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul, with Timothy named in the greeting.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The church in Corinth and saints throughout Achaia.
3. Period
Period covered: After a painful phase in Paul's relationship with Corinth, during the third journey. Approximate time of writing: About A.D. 55-56.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To express comfort and reconciliation, defend apostolic ministry, explain power in weakness, urge holiness, and complete the collection for Jerusalem's saints.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed to Corinth/Achaia. Place of writing: Macedonia (2 Cor. 2:13; 7:5; 8:1), though the precise city is unknown.
Galatians
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul the apostle, with “all the brothers” with him (Gal. 1:1-2).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Churches of Galatia; whether northern ethnic Galatia or southern Roman provincial churches is debated.
3. Period
Period covered: Early apostolic mission amid controversy over circumcision and law-keeping for Gentiles. Approximate time of writing: Possibly A.D. 48-49 (South Galatian view) or A.D. 53-57 (North Galatian/later view).
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To defend the divine gospel and Paul's apostleship, teach justification by faith in Christ rather than works of law, and call believers to freedom expressed through love and the Spirit.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed to Galatian churches in Asia Minor. Place of writing: Unknown; Antioch, Ephesus, Macedonia, or Corinth are proposed depending on date.
Ephesians
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul according to the greeting (Eph. 1:1). Some modern scholars dispute this, but the canonical letter claims Pauline authorship.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Saints and faithful in Christ; traditionally Ephesus. The words “in Ephesus” are absent from a few early manuscripts, suggesting possible circular use.
3. Period
Period covered: During imprisonment. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about A.D. 60-62.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To unfold God's eternal purpose in Christ, the church as Christ's body and temple, unity of Jew and Gentile, new life, household conduct, and spiritual armor.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Associated with Ephesus and churches of Asia. Place of writing: Probably Rome during imprisonment; Caesarea is another proposal.
Philippians
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul and Timothy are named; Paul speaks personally throughout.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The saints in Philippi with overseers and deacons.
3. Period
Period covered: During Paul's imprisonment and the church's support through Epaphroditus. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about A.D. 60-62 from Rome; Caesarea or Ephesus are also proposed.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To thank the church, report Paul's circumstances, encourage unity, joy, humility patterned on Christ, steadfastness, and contentment.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed to Philippi in Macedonia. Place of writing: Probably Rome, but the prison location is not directly named.
Colossians
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul and Timothy named in the greeting; Paul closes with his own hand.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The saints and faithful brothers and sisters at Colossae.
3. Period
Period covered: During imprisonment, after Epaphras reported on the church. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about A.D. 60-62.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To proclaim Christ's supremacy and sufficiency, oppose deceptive teaching, and direct believers to the new life, worship, relationships, and prayer.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed to Colossae in the Lycus Valley. Place of writing: Probably Rome; Caesarea or Ephesus proposed.
1 Thessalonians
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy are named; Paul is the principal voice.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The church of the Thessalonians.
3. Period
Period covered: Soon after the church was founded on Paul's second journey. Approximate time of writing: About A.D. 49-51.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To encourage persecuted new believers, defend the missionaries' conduct, urge holy love and work, and clarify hope concerning deceased Christians and Christ's return.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed to Thessalonica in Macedonia. Place of writing: Probably Corinth (compare Acts 18:5).
2 Thessalonians
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy; Paul notes his authenticating greeting (2 Thess. 3:17).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: The church in Thessalonica.
3. Period
Period covered: Shortly after 1 Thessalonians amid persecution and confusion about the day of the Lord. Approximate time of writing: About A.D. 50-52.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To strengthen endurance, correct claims that the day of the Lord had arrived, teach about rebellion and the man of lawlessness, and command disciplined work.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed to Thessalonica. Place of writing: Probably Corinth.
1 Timothy
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul the apostle.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Timothy, Paul's true child in the faith, serving at Ephesus; instructions also guide the congregation.
3. Period
Period covered: After a period of Pauline travel not easily fitted into Acts, under the traditional post-Acts view. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about A.D. 62-65; exact chronology debated.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To combat false teaching and order life in God's household: prayer, leadership qualifications, care for groups, doctrine, money, and godliness.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Timothy was in Ephesus. Place of writing: Paul had gone to Macedonia; exact writing city unknown.
2 Timothy
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul the apostle.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Timothy personally, with final instructions that serve the church.
3. Period
Period covered: Paul's final Roman imprisonment near his anticipated death. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about A.D. 66-67.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To urge Timothy to guard the gospel, endure suffering, handle Scripture faithfully, preach the word, and complete his ministry.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Timothy likely in or near Ephesus; personal contacts span Asia Minor and Rome. Place of writing: Rome, strongly indicated by imprisonment and references to believers there.
Titus
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul the apostle.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Titus, left in Crete to set churches in order.
3. Period
Period covered: A Pauline travel period commonly placed after Acts. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about A.D. 62-65.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To appoint qualified elders, silence false teachers, teach sound doctrine expressed in good works, and order Christian life in Crete.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Crete, with plans to meet at Nicopolis. Place of writing: Unknown, possibly Macedonia or another place during travel.
Philemon
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Paul, with Timothy in the greeting; Paul writes personally.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Philemon, Apphia, Archippus, and the church meeting in Philemon's house.
3. Period
Period covered: During Paul's imprisonment when Onesimus had become his beloved brother. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about A.D. 60-62.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To appeal for Onesimus to be received no longer merely as a slave but as a beloved brother, modeling reconciliation, voluntary love, and gospel-transformed relationships.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Addressed probably to Colossae, based on links with Colossians. Place of writing: Probably Rome; exact prison location uncertain.
Hebrews
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unknown. The writer knew Timothy (Heb. 13:23). Suggestions include Paul, Barnabas, Apollos, Luke, and others, but Scripture does not name the author.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Christians deeply familiar with the Old Testament, probably under pressure to retreat; exact location and ethnic makeup uncertain.
3. Period
Period covered: A time when temple worship was known and readers had endured earlier persecution. Approximate time of writing: Often dated before A.D. 70, though dates into the 80s/90s are proposed; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To show the final supremacy of God's revelation in His Son, Christ's priesthood and once-for-all sacrifice, the new covenant, and the necessity of persevering faith.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Audience location unknown; “those who come from Italy” can be understood in more than one way. Place of writing: Unknown.
James
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: James, a servant of God and the Lord Jesus Christ; traditionally James the brother of Jesus and Jerusalem leader.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: “The twelve tribes in the Dispersion,” understood as Jewish Christians scattered outside Judea or God's dispersed people.
3. Period
Period covered: Early church conditions involving trials, poverty, favoritism, and tension between hearing and doing. Approximate time of writing: Possibly A.D. 40-62; if Jesus' brother, before his death about A.D. 62.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To call believers to mature, active faith shown in endurance, obedience, impartial love, controlled speech, humility, prayer, and care for the needy.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Recipients in the Dispersion. Place of writing: Probably Jerusalem/Judea if written by James the Lord's brother.
1 Peter
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ; Silvanus may have served as carrier or writing assistant (1 Pet. 5:12).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Elect exiles in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia.
3. Period
Period covered: Believers facing social hostility and suffering. Approximate time of writing: Probably early-to-mid A.D. 60s.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To encourage holy hope and faithful witness in suffering, grounded in Christ's suffering, resurrection, and coming glory.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Roman provinces of Asia Minor. Place of writing: “Babylon” (1 Pet. 5:13), commonly understood as Rome, though a literal location has been proposed.
2 Peter
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Simeon Peter, apostle and eyewitness, according to the letter.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Believers who had received the same precious faith; possibly overlapping with 1 Peter's readers.
3. Period
Period covered: Near Peter's death, recalling the transfiguration and warning about false teachers. Approximate time of writing: Traditionally about A.D. 64-68.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To urge growth in godliness and knowledge, confirm apostolic testimony and prophecy, expose false teachers, and sustain hope in the day of the Lord.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Audience location and writing place unknown. Place of writing: Unknown, possibly Rome.
1 John
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Unnamed eyewitness who speaks as “we” and shares vocabulary/theology with John's Gospel; early tradition identifies John the apostle.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: A network of believers troubled by secessionists who denied truth about Christ and lacked love.
3. Period
Period covered: Late first-century church setting. Approximate time of writing: Commonly A.D. 85-95; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: Explicitly to promote fellowship, complete joy, avoidance of sin, assurance of eternal life, true confession of Christ, obedience, and love.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Probably churches of Asia Minor. Place of writing: Traditionally Ephesus, but unknown.
2 John
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: “The elder,” traditionally John the apostle.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: “The elect lady and her children,” possibly an individual Christian household or figuratively a local church.
3. Period
Period covered: Late first-century conflict with deceivers denying Christ's coming in the flesh. Approximate time of writing: Commonly A.D. 85-95.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To unite truth and love, command obedience, and warn against supporting teachers who do not bring Christ's doctrine.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Recipient location unknown. Place of writing: Unknown, traditionally associated with Ephesus/Asia Minor.
3 John
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: “The elder,” traditionally John the apostle.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Gaius personally, concerning hospitality, Diotrephes, and Demetrius.
3. Period
Period covered: Late first-century church mission and leadership setting. Approximate time of writing: Commonly A.D. 85-95.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To commend Gaius's hospitality to traveling workers, condemn Diotrephes' pride, and recommend Demetrius.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Gaius's church location unknown. Place of writing: Unknown, traditionally associated with Ephesus/Asia Minor.
Jude
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: Jude, servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James; traditionally a brother of Jesus (compare Matt. 13:55).
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Beloved believers who shared the common salvation and faced infiltrating false teachers.
3. Period
Period covered: Apostolic-era church after the faith had been delivered and apostolic warnings were known. Approximate time of writing: Possibly A.D. 60-80; exact date unknown.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To urge believers to contend for the faith, expose immoral false teachers, remember apostolic warnings, remain in God's love, and rescue the wavering.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Audience and writing locations unknown. Place of writing: Unknown.
Revelation
1. Person Speaking
Careful conclusion: John, a servant and prophetic witness exiled on Patmos. Early tradition identifies him as John the apostle, though the book calls him simply John.
2. Person Spoken To
Original audience: Seven churches in Asia—Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea—and all who hear.
3. Period
Period covered: A period of pressure, compromise, and persecution under Roman power, with visions extending to final judgment and new creation. Approximate time of writing: Commonly about A.D. 95-96 under Domitian; some propose the late 60s under Nero.
4. Purpose
Purpose statement: To unveil Jesus Christ, call churches to conquer faithfully, expose worldly powers, assure saints of God's victory, and reveal judgment, resurrection, and the new heaven and earth.
5. Place
Places in the events or message: Patmos, the seven cities of Roman Asia, heavenly throne scenes, symbolic Babylon, and New Jerusalem. Place of writing: Patmos for reception of the visions; final sending likely from there or after release.